PARIS, Sept 23, 2022 (BSS/AFP) - After NASA deliberately smashes a car-

sized spacecraft into an asteroid next week, it will be up to the European
Space Agency's Hera mission to investigate the "crime scene" and uncover the
secrets of these potentially devastating space rocks.

NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) aims to collide with the
asteroid moonlet Dimorphos on Monday night, hoping to slightly alter its
trajectory -- the first time such an operation has been attempted.

While Dimorphos is 11 million kilometres (6.8 million miles) away and poses
no threat to Earth, the mission is a test run in case the world someday needs
to deflect an asteroid from heading our way.

Astronomers around the world will watch DART's impact, and its effect will be
closely followed to see if the mission passed the test.

Then, the European Space Agency's Hera mission, named after the ancient Greek
queen of the gods, will follow in its footsteps.

The Hera spacecraft is planned to launch in October 2024, aiming to arrive at
Dimorphos in 2026 to measure the exact impact DART had on the asteroid.

But scientists are not only excited to see DART's crater, but also to explore
an object that is very much out of this world.

- 'A new world' -

Dimorphos, which orbits a larger asteroid Didymos as they hurtle together
through space, provides not only a "perfect testing opportunity for a
planetary defence experiment, but it is also a completely new environment,"
the ESA's Hera mission manager Ian Carnelli said.

Hera will be loaded up with cameras, spectrometers, radars and even toaster-
sized nano-satellites to measure the asteroid's shape, mass, chemical
composition and more.

NASA's Bhavya Lal said that it was critically important to understand the
size and composition of such asteroids.

"If an asteroid is made up of, for example, loose gravel, approaches to
disrupt it may be different than if it was metal or some other kind of rock,"
she told the International Astronautical Congress in Paris this week.

So little is known about Dimorphos that scientists will discover "a new
world" at the same time as the public on Monday, Hera mission principal
investigator Patrick Michel said.

"Asteroids are not boring space rocks -- they are super exciting because they
have a great diversity" in size, shape and composition, Michel said.

And because they have low gravity compared to Earth, matter there could
behave completely differently than expected.

"Unless you touch the surface, you cannot know the mechanical response," he
said.

- 'Behaved almost like fluid' -

For example, when a Japanese probe dropped a small explosive near the surface
of the Ryugu asteroid in 2019, it was expected to make a crater of two or
three metres. Instead, it blasted a 50-metre hole.

"There was no resistance," Michel said.

"The surface behaved almost like a fluid," rather than solid rock, he added.
"How weird is that?"

One way the Hera mission will test Dimorphos will be to land a nano-satellite
on its surface, in part to see how much it bounces.

Binary systems like Dimorphos and Didymos represent around 15 percent of
known asteroids, but have not yet been explored.

With a diameter of just 160 metres -- around the size of the Great Pyramid of
Giza -- Dimorphos will also be the smallest asteroid ever studied.

Learning about the impact of DART is not only important for planetary
defence, Michel said, but also for understanding the history of our Solar
System, where most cosmic bodies were formed through collisions and are now
riddled with craters.

That's where DART and Hera could shine a light not just on the future, but on
the past.