PARIS, June 11, 2022 (AFP) - Albinism, caused by a lack of melanin, the 
pigment that colours skin, hair and eyes, is a genetic anomaly that concerns 
hundreds of thousands of people across the globe, particularly in Africa.

   Ahead of International Albinism Awareness Day on Monday, AFP looks at the 
specificities of a very visible condition which is shrouded in prejudice, 
leading to discrimination and even violence against those affected.

   - What is albinism? -

   Albinism is a hereditary genetic anomaly resulting from mutations in genes 
which affect how much melanin the body produces and therefore the 
pigmentation, or colour, of a person's skin and hair which is very pale or 
almost white in the case of sufferers. 

   For those whose eyes are affected, known as ocular albinism, the blood 
vessels can show through the iris, making the eyes appear red.

   The absence of melanin leaves the skin extremely sensitive to sunlight, 
making people with albinism at greater risk of developing skin cancer. It 
also affects the development of the optic nerve, which means that many 
sufferers' vision is impaired.

   - Is it an illness? -

   Albinism is an inherited disorder that is often wrongly assumed to be an 
illness, a factor that contributes to the discrimination those affected can 
face in society.

   Under The Same Sun (UTSS), an association working to combat discrimination 
describes albinism as a "rare genetic condition".

   People with albinism require maximum protection from sunlight with strong 
sunscreen, hat, sunglasses and protective clothing. They generally need 
glasses, contact lenses or hand-held magnifiers to see properly but the 
condition does not prevent them from developing normally.

   Health organisations refer to "persons living with albinism" rather than 
"albinos" but some associations prefer to limit use of the term "albinism," 
which comes from the Latin world "albus" for white. They instead use 
"amelanism" or "amelanistic" -- lacking melanin.

   - How many people are affected? -

   Albinism occurs in all ethnic groups worldwide.

   According to the US National Institute of Health (NIH), around one in 
20,000 persons is born with albinism, which would equate to some 400,000 
people out of a global population of 7.9 billion.

   Africa has a slightly higher incidence, estimated at somewhere between one 
in 5,000 and one in 15,000 inhabitants.

   One of the largest populations of people with albinism is believed to be 
in Tanzania, with as many as one in 1,400 people born with the disorder.

   - Why the discrimination? -

   People with albinism are often stigmatised due to their appearance but it 
is in Africa where they suffer the worst discrimination and violence due to 
their supposed magical powers.

   In a 2013 study, UTSS found the myths about albinism were being driven by 
traditional healers, with one of the most dangerous being the belief that 
using the body parts of people with albinism in a potion can bring the user 
good luck or fortune.

   "Witchcraft taps into the supernatural to explain human phenomena ... this 
white child born to visibly black parents," UTSS noted.

   - Who is targeted? -

   In July 2021, the United Nations' expert on albinism, Nigerian lawyer 
Ikponwosa Ero, expressed alarm over "the notable increase" in cases of people 
with albinism being killed or attacked for body parts.

   "More tragically still the majority of victims are children," she added. 

   A UNHCR report found evidence of "more than 200 cases of ritual 
aggressions against sufferers of albinism between 2000 and 2013".

   UTSS, which has been logging cases of violence across Africa, ranks 
Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania as the 
countries where such attacks are most prevalent.

   In a shocking recent case, the dismembered body of a four-year-old child 
was found in 

   February in northeastern Burundi in a case believed to be linked to the 
illegal trade in body parts with neighbouring Tanzania.