WASHINGTON, April 7, 2023 (BSS/AFP) - A Falcon 9 rocket successfully blasted
off from Florida into space on Friday carrying a new NASA device that can
track air pollution over North America down to the neighborhood level.

The launch, which took place at 12:30 am (0430 GMT), will bring into orbit
the Tropospheric Emissions Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) instrument, which
will allow scientists to monitor air pollutants and their emission sources
more extensively than ever before.

The data will be used by the US Environmental Protection Agency, the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other agencies responsible for
tackling atmospheric pollution.

"TEMPO will be measuring pollution and air quality across greater North
America on an hourly basis during the daytime, all the way from Puerto Rico
up to the tar sands of Canada," said Kevin Daugherty, NASA's TEMPO project
manager.

A unique feature of TEMPO, which is about the size of a washing machine and
has been described as a chemistry laboratory in space, is that it will be
hosted on an Intelsat communications satellite in geostationary orbit.

"Geostationary orbit is a common orbit for weather satellites and
communications satellites, but an air quality instrument measuring gases
hadn't been there yet," said Caroline Nowlan, an atmospheric physicist at the
Harvard & Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.

Existing pollution-monitoring satellites are in low Earth orbit, which means
they can only provide observations once a day at a fixed time.

"We can get measurements, say, over New York City at 1:30 in the afternoon,"
Nowlan said. "But that's just one data point over New York City over a day.

"The great thing about TEMPO is that for the first time we'll be able to make
hourly measurements over North America, so we'll be able to see what's
happening over a whole day as long as the sun is up."

In geostationary orbit 22,236 miles (35,786 kilometers) above the equator,
TEMPO will match the rotation of the Earth, meaning it will stay over the
same location -- North America -- at all times.

TEMPO will be able to measure atmospheric pollution down to a spatial
resolution of four square miles (10 square kilometers), or neighborhood
level.
 
Daugherty said TEMPO will power up at the end of May or in early June and
begin producing data in October, although it will not be made available to
the public until April of next year.

- Multiple applications -

TEMPO will have multiple applications from measuring levels of various
pollutants to providing air quality forecasts and helping the development of
emission-control strategies.

More than 40 percent of the US population, 137 million people, live in places
with unhealthy levels of particle pollution or ozone, according to the
American Lung Association, and air pollution is blamed for some 60,000
premature deaths a year.

Among the pollutants tracked by TEMPO will be nitrogen dioxide, produced from
the combustion of fossil fuels, formaldehyde and ozone.

The data will be made available online for members of the public to monitor
air quality information in their local area.

"Ozone up high is great. It protects us from ultraviolet radiation and allows
life to exist on Earth," Nowlan said.

"But when ozone is at the surface, it's a pollutant and it's harmful to
humans and also to crops and ecosystems."

TEMPO will also be able to track pollution caused by wildfires, which are
becoming increasingly common and damaging as a result of climate change.

The TEMPO device, made by Ball Aerospace, is what is known as a spectrometer.

"It measures the sunlight that's reflected off the Earth's atmosphere and
separates it into about 2,000 component wavelengths," said Dennis Nicks,
director of payload engineering at Ball Aerospace.

The data is then used to determine the concentrations of trace gases in the
atmosphere.

TEMPO will not be alone in its air quality monitoring mission in the Northern
Hemisphere.

It will be part of a constellation that includes a South Korean device, GEMS,
which has already been launched, and one under development by the European
Space Agency, known as Sentinel-4.