YAOUND, Oct 12, 2025 (BSS/AFP) - Cameroon holds presidential elections on Sunday which 92-year-old Paul Biya, the world's oldest serving head of state, is expected to win, extending his already 43-year grip on power.

Biya faces 11 opponents, including former employment minister Issa Tchiroma Bakary, 79, who has generated unexpected enthusiasm among voters in the central African nation, where half the population is under 20.

The eight million Cameroonians who are eligible to vote in the one-round election have, for the most part, only known one ruler in their lifetime.

Biya has been in power since 1982 and has won every election in the past 20 years by more than 70 percent of the ballot.

"We shouldn't be naive. We know full well the ruling system has ample means at its disposal to get results in its favour," Cameroonian political scientist Stephane Akoa told AFP.

But he said that the campaign in recent days had been "much livelier" than was usually the case at that stage.

"This poll is therefore more likely to throw up surprises," he said.

Biya has kept his customary low profile during the campaign, appearing in public on Tuesday for the first time since May, looking visibly fit.

He held a rally in Maroua in the strategic Far North region, which has 1.2 million eligible voters and makes up the second largest voting bloc in the country.

For years, it was considered a Biya stronghold but several former allies from the area are now running against him.

- Youth vote -

The 11 rival candidates have made numerous public appearances in recent weeks, each promising a new dawn for Cameroon in place of Biya's entrenched hold on public life.

The president's main rival, Bakary, also campaigned in the regional capital Maroua this week.

In stark contrast to Biya, whose appearance attracted a sparse crowd of just a few hundred people, Bakary was welcomed in the streets of his home region by thousands of supporters waving placards that hailed "Tchiroma the Saviour".

Bakary -- who resigned from the government in June to join the opposition after 20 years at Biya's side -- is the leading challenger after top opponent Maurice Kamto was barred from the race.

Kamto came second in the 2018 presidential election but was banned from standing this year by the Constitutional Council, a move that rights groups including Human Rights Watch said undermined the credibility of the electoral process.

Biya is only the second president Cameroon has had since independence from France in 1960.

It is central Africa's most diversified economy with an abundance of natural and agricultural resources.

However, around 40 percent of the population lives below the poverty line, according to World Bank figures for 2024, and unemployment stands at 35 percent in the major cities.

Young people hunger for change, Akoa said, but not yet to the point where they will take the risk of protesting en masse as in other countries in Africa and Asia.

- 'Sign of change' -

Cameroonians complain about the high cost of living, a lack of clean drinking water, healthcare and quality education.

But their frustrations remain confined to social media for the time being.

"Many young people intend to vote," Akoa said.

"There is a positive sign of change but perhaps not strong enough to bring young people out onto the streets, as we saw in Madagascar, Tunisia and elsewhere."

Polling stations open from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm (0700 to 1700 GMT).

The government has authorised 55,000 local and international observers to monitor the vote, including representatives of the African Union.

The Constitutional Council has until October 26 to announce the final results.

But several internet platforms say they will compile the results independently, drawing criticism from the government, which says they are attempting to manipulate public opinion.

The vote takes place in the shadow of a conflict between separatist forces and the government that has plagued the English-speaking regions since 2016.

Turnout was particularly low in these areas in 2018.