STOCKHOLM, Oct 6, 2025 (BSS/AFP) - Here is a list of the winners of the Nobel 
Prize in Medicine in the past 10 years:

2025: Americans Mary E. Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell and Japan's Shimon 
Sakaguchi for research into how the immune system is regulated and kept in 
check.

2024: US scientists Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun, for their discovery of 
microRNA and its role in how genes are regulated.

2023: Hungarian Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman of the United States, for 
their work on messenger RNA (mRNA) technology, which paved the way for 
groundbreaking Covid-19 vaccines.

2022: Swedish paleogeneticist Svante Paabo, for his discoveries on the 
genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution.

2021: US duo David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian, for discoveries on human 
receptors responsible for our ability to sense temperature and touch.

2020: Americans Harvey Alter and Charles Rice, and Briton Michael Houghton, 
for the discovery of the Hepatitis C virus, leading to the development of 
sensitive blood tests and antiviral drugs.

2019: William Kaelin and Gregg Semenza of the US and Britain's Peter 
Ratcliffe, for establishing the basis of our understanding of how cells react 
and adapt to different oxygen levels.

2018: Immunologists James Allison of the US and Tasuku Honjo of Japan, for 
figuring out how to release the immune system's brakes to allow it to attack 
cancer cells more efficiently.

2017: US geneticists Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael Young, for 
their discoveries on the internal biological clock that governs the wake-
sleep cycles of most living things.

2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi of Japan, for his work on autophagy -- a process 
whereby cells "eat themselves" -- which when disrupted can cause Parkinson's 
and diabetes.