For stomach cancer, aerosol chemotherapy offers breath of hope

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DIJON, France, June 14, 2019 (BSS/AFP) – “Classic chemotherapy was awful… but with this treatment, I feel hope,” says French pensioner Jacques Braud, who is undergoing treatment for stomach cancer with a new form of therapy dispersed by aerosol.

Several hours before going into theatre, Braud is waiting in his room,
looking surprisingly relaxed with a book in hand.

This is a place he has been before. At the age of 76, Braud is about to
face his second bout of chemotherapy after the cancer in his stomach spread
to two other organs.

But this time it is different.

He is being treated at the Georges-Francois Leclerc hospital in the eastern
city of Dijon, one of seven hospitals in France that are trialling
pressurised intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy, or PIPAC, a technique
developed in Germany in 2013.

Although is it still being tested, chemotherapy by aerosol has shown
promising results against certain cancers, in a treatment with fewer side
effects that offers hope to some of the weakest patients.

Unlike traditional chemotherapy, the drugs are not injected into the
bloodstream.

Instead, the patient is put under general anaesthetic and the treatment
introduced by laparoscopy, by which a small incision is made in the abdominal
wall and the chemotherapy is introduced into the peritoneal cavity by an
aerosol spray.

– Minimally invasive –

It is a minimally invasive procedure without the harmful side effects
normally “associated with the circulation of the treatment within the blood”,
says David Orry, who heads the hospital’s oncological surgery department.

“So you avoid the loss of appetite, the damage to peripheral nerves or to
the red and white blood cells” which often require the treatment to be
stopped.

“Chemo is horrendous, it destroys you,” says Braud, running his fingers
through his short white hair that has barely grown back two months after his
first bout of treatment.

“My fingers and toes are paralysed, I don’t feel anything,” he says,
admitting it forced him to give up hiking, his passion.

But with the PIPAC therapy, he has not experienced any such side effects.

For now, he is receiving treatment every two to three weeks, alternating
between traditional chemo and PIPAC therapy, whose use is still being
studied.

– ‘Very promising’ –

As he lies in a deep sleep on the operating table, the surgeons bend over
him to make two small five-centimetre (two-inch) incisions in his abdomen
before inserting trocars through the two layers of the peritoneum, the
membrane which wraps around the internal organs.

They then inject air to artificially create a cavity, which is a
prerequisite for delivering PIPAC therapy — and which is why it is, for now,
exclusively used for gynaecological or digestive cancers.

“You see, Mr Braud has several metastases on his peritoneal wall,” explains
Orry, pointing to a screen showing images from the laparoscopy.

“This membrane only has a few vessels. So it is very difficult to treat
with chemotherapy which passes through the blood. Which is a further
advantage of PIPAC.”

Once the two trocars are in place, the chemotherapy is released into the
inflated cavity and left there, during which time the surgeons, anaesthetists
and nurses leave the operating theatre to avoid inhalation or exposure to
leaks.

After 30 minutes, the product is extracted through a powerful miniature
pump and the incisions closed. After six small sutures, the operation is
over. It took just two hours.

By the evening, Braud is back in his room and eating dinner, although he
needs to stay another two nights in hospital due to the risks linked to a
general anaesthetic.

For the moment, PIPAC therapy is only offered to patients undergoing
palliative treatment, as its efficacity has yet to be demonstrated in a large
scientific study.

But the initial response to this complementary treatment has been “very
promising” and raised hopes, says oncologist Francois Ghiringhelli who has
been working on the development of PIPAC in Dijon since 2017.

– An affordable treatment –

And the price of the treatment is reasonable, with the injector device
costing around 25,000 euros ($28,000), and each operation using disposable
materials worth some 2,000 euros.

This year, the regional centre for the fight against cancer in the western
city of Nantes will begin a multi-centre study on PIPAC therapy in which
Dijon will also take part. Preliminary results are due within five years.

“Tomorrow, we could use this technique on patients who are less seriously
ill and get very good curative results, even preventative results,” says
Orry, who is clearly enthusiastic about the wider prospects of PIPAC therapy.

“For the moment, we must be prudent and not sell it as a miracle cure,” he
admits.

Such a system could also be expanded to deliver other molecular treatments,
which are potentially more effective but too dangerous to pass through the
blood.

Or it could even be developed for other types of cancer that affect the
bladder or the lungs, which also have similar membranes to the peritoneum.

Even though Braud has only been given two years left to live, he has
embraced his new treatment with gusto.

“With PIPAC, I have hope,” he beams.