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Nations inch towards climate deal at marathon UN summit
KATOWICE, Poland, Dec 15, 2018 (BSS/AFP) – Nations on Saturday inched
towards a deal to implement the Paris climate goals, after all-night
negotiations to hammer out a plan to limit global temperature rises exposed a
range of conflicts.
A senior negotiator told AFP at the COP24 summit in Poland that delegates
from nearly 200 nations had reached a “landing zone” of agreement.
But sources close to the talks said differences remained stark on the
issues of ambition, how the climate fight is funded and how best to measure
and ensure the fairness of each nation’s efforts to reduce emissions.
Delegates at the UN summit, held this year in the Polish mining city of
Katowice, must agree on a common rule book to put the pledges nations made in
the landmark 2015 Paris climate accord into practice.
This means all countries, rich and poor alike, must agree to action that
will cap global temperature rises to “well below” two degrees Celsius (3.6
degrees Fahrenheit) and stave off the worst effects of planetary warming, and
to a safer cap of 1.5C if possible.
The final draft decision text has been repeatedly delayed as negotiators
seek to form guidelines that are effective in slashing emissions while
protecting the economies of rich and poor nations alike.
“I think we have a landing zone. It is a compromise,” Gebru Jember Endalew,
chair of the Least Developed Countries negotiating group, told AFP.
“It is a bit difficult to compromise when there are 190-plus countries.”
At the heart of the matter is how each nation funds action to mitigate and
adapt to climate change, as well as how those actions are reported.
Developing nations want more clarity from richer ones over how the future
climate fight will be funded and have been pushing for so-called “loss and
damage” measures.
This would see richer countries giving money now to help deal with the
effects of climate change many vulnerable states are already experiencing.
– Brazilian villain? – Another contentious issue concerns the integrity of
carbon markets, looking ahead to the day when the patchwork of distinct
exchanges — in China, the Europe Union, parts of the United States — may be
joined up in a global system.
“To tap that potential, you have to get the rules right,” said Alex Hanafi,
lead counsel for the Environmental Defense Fund in the United States. “One of
those key rules — which is the bedrock of carbon markets — is no double
counting of emissions reductions.”
The Paris Agreement calls for setting up a mechanism to guard against
practices that could undermine such a market, but finding a solution has
proved so problematic that the debate may get kicked down the road to next
year.
Some observers cast Brazil as the villain, with several sources accusing it
of seeking to muddy the date by which the provisions should enter into force.
“There are still a range of possible outcomes and Brazil continues to work
constructively with other parties to find a workable pathway forward,”
Brazil’s chief negotiator J. Antonio Marcondes told AFP.
– ‘A deal within reach’ –
Another stumbling block could be how ambitious countries are in their
renewed pledges ahead of a 2020 stock-take of the Paris deal’s progress.
Most nations wanted the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) to form a key part of future planning. It highlighted the need
for greenhouse gas emissions to be slashed to nearly half by 2030 in order to
hit the 1.5C target.
But the US, Saudi Arabia, Russia and Kuwait objected, leading to watered
down wording.
The European Union’s climate commissioner Miguel Arias Canete on Saturday
morning tweeted a photo of himself poring over the draft decision text from
the talks — which were meant to wrap up Friday — submitted by host Poland.
“A deal to make the #ParisAgreement operational is within reach,” he said.
BSS/AFP/ARS/1844 hrs